A year-long study of 3,000 children, ages 7 to 10, in Barcelona showed a correlation between high levels of elemental carbon, nitrogen dioxide, and particulates and a lag in three areas of cognitive development. The study suggests "'that the developing brain may be vulnerable to traffic-related air pollution well into middle childhood,' not just before birth or during the infant years." Elemental carbon, nitrogen dioxide, and particulates are extremely small bits of burned hydrocarbons created by burning oil, gasoline, and diesel fuel.
The article in which they published their findings (in English) can be found here.
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